Security Analysis and Redesign of a Network Essay

Security Analysis and Redesign of a Network - Essay Example Service Information: Operating System: Linux 2.5.25 - 2.6.3 or Gentoo 1.2 Linux 2.4.19 rc1-rc7. Interesting ports on XYZ Invite Design at domain 192.168.0.6: Nmap done: 6 IP address (6 hosts up) scanned in 64.27 seconds. Password strengths are essential in security matters. Users’ password must be encrypted so as to prevent unauthorized entries to the system (Stewart, 2010). The Public Key Infrastructure, Hashing and Digital Signatures, Cryptography: Public Key Encryption and Cryptology assist in the implementation of password protection. Set up an NTFS drive applicable for the IIS application and data. If likely, do not tolerate IUSER or whatever the unidentified username access to any of the available drives. If the relevance runs into any problems due the anonymous user does not have admission to programs on the available drive(s), then apply FileMon from Sysinternals to test which file it cannot access and attempt working around it by relocating the program to the IIS drive. If that is not possible, then permit IUSER access just to that file. Allow Windows auditing on the machine, since there is never sufficient data when trying to backtrack any attackers movements. It is even likely to have a script run to check for any distrustful activity via the audit logs, and then send an account to an administrator. Now this could appear a bit extreme, but if security is actually significant in your organization, this sort of action is an excellent practice. Set up auditing to account any failed account log in attempts. Plus, same as the IIS logs, alter the default location to a different location, and make sure that the company have a backing and a replicated copy (Weaver, Weaver, & Farwood, 2013). On a customary basis, go through as a lot of security articles from various sources as the company can. It is at all times better that company appreciate as much as possible about IIS and universal

Body Image And Eating Behaviour Psychology Essay

Body Image And Eating Behaviour Psychology Essay The complex relationship between body image and eating behaviour have become a major research. Eating practices vary around the world .There is a rapid change in culture due to fastest means of communication. This swing of culture has created affects in developing cultures of Asia, including Pakistan.An ideal figure of extra skinny and underweight model is causing stress and psychological disruption in eating behaviour of both genders. All individuals in their life are conditioned to turn to food for satisfaction and reinforcement. In the college years ,these reinforcements become risky, hazardous and harmful.An evidence found from the fact that after obesity and asthma, the most ordinary chronic illness among youth is disordered eating. (Muazzam Khalid 2008) Evaluating own body individually through related feelings and attitudes is body image. The persistent and obsessive search for weight loss in the course of excessive diet is eating disorder behaviour, which results in an unbalanced diet both quantitatively and qualitatively (Boschi et al., 2003). Many researchers found number of sources of eating disorder.body image is the major source which plays important role in contributing to aquire an eating disorder.The mental image we hold of our bodies including both perceptions and attitudes is known as body image. Having a negative body image can take many forms through cognitive, behavioral, perceptual, and affective manifestations . Feelings of depression, sadness, humiliation, guilt, and stress occurs due to exposure to images of thin models. The amount of satisfaction people have with their body as a whole and as separate parts is body cathexis. Self-esteem and body image is essential part according to many researchers.People compare themselves with others that effects their body image perceptions and force them to diet and exercise excessively.The cycle of lowering their body image could possibly change their clothing choices as well.(Hill,1999) Many young people undergo from disturbed eating behaviours such as dieting and striving for thinness. Many variables are related to self-satisfaction and to their effects on eating behaviour, eating attitudes and body image dissatisfaction or satisfaction. They also affect many areas of emotional function in young people including depression and nervousness and leading to lack of confidence. (Zofiran et al.,2010) According to Monir et al. (2010) eating disorder is more common among overweight-obese adolescents of high social class and they conclude that social background, obesity, pessimistic body image and depression are the main risk factors for developing eating disorder. During adolescence, people are assuming responsibility for their own eating habits, attitudes and behaviours. In fact, attitudes play a significant role in the adoption and maintenance of a range of healthiness and nutritional behaviour that is patterns of eating and time intervals. Awareness about healthy foodstuff choices and food safety can be predisposing factors for recovering eating habits and to adopt a healthy diet, although it is inadequate to motivate healthy eating. Factors that influence eating behaviours need to be better understood to develop helpful diet interventions tailored to persons to improve their healthy eating. Hence, determinants such as behaviour, attitudes, self-efficacy, barriers to change and the meaning of healthy and unhealthy diet and food must be considered. (Turconi et al., 2006) Eating disorders represent severe disruptions in normal eating patterns. The two main diagnoses of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Obesity is not mentioned as a disorder. Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a fear of gaining weight, becoming fat, and refuse to maintain a normal weight. Those suffering from bulimia nervosa engage in over-eating episodes, binge eating, and perform acts that rid the food from their system, such as purging. Some anorexics or bulimics will use laxatives or vomit to counter their over-eating.Individuals with eating disorders are very restrictive about their diet and weight, while desiring the approval of others.(Hill,1999). Anorexia Nervosa  ,an eating disorder categorized by rejection to maintain a healthy body weight, an obsessive fear of gaining weight, and an unrealistic perception of existing body weight. On the other hand, some patients can undergo from anorexia nervosa unconsciously. These patients are classified under atypical eating disorders. Anorexia can cause menstruation to stop, leads to bone loss or loss of skin integrity. It greatly stresses the heart, increasing the risk of heart attacks and related heart problems. The risk of death is greatly increased in individuals with this disease. Social pressures in society and media play an important role in individuals obsession on their outer appearance. The most underlining factor researchers are starting to take notice of is that it may not just be social, but it could also be related to biological and genetic components. Bulimia  characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours such as purging. (Fairburn, 1997 ) Makino, Tsuboi and Dennerstein, (2004) found that eating disorders, namely anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are characterized by clinical disturbances in body image and eating behaviours. For example, anorexia nervosa sufferers have the feeling of being fat even when emaciated. They deny the seriousness of low body weight and have a morbid fear of weight gain with the relentless pursuit of thinness. Bulimia nervosa is defined by an overvaluation of weight shape and the behavioural symptoms of recurrent binge eating accompanied by purging and fasting there have been many reports about eating disorders in Western countries in the late 20th century. It has been claimed that those with eating disorders have mostly been white women and that few cases have been seen in non-Western countries other than Japan. Recently, eating disorders have been reported in non-Western countries, such as the Middle East and the Peoples Republic of China. These recent studies suggest that the prevalence of eating disorders has been rising among non-Western countries as well. However, eating disorders may present differently in different cultures, and diagnostic criteria based on Western norms may not always be appropriate. One of the reported explanations for the development of eating disorders is the social pressure resulting from the standards of female beauty imposed by modern industrial society or Western culture. The increasing globalization and exposure to Western media have been suggested to increase the rate of eating disorders in non-Western countries. Eating disorders are more common in women than men. More men have started entering treatment centers for eating disorders now than in the past. College students have a higher risk of developing an eating disorder, and female students are at an even higher risk. While competing to do well in class, they may also be in competition to be the most attractive.(Hill,1999). College-aged women tend to suffer more often from lower body images as well. One study showed that 61% of college women were participating in severe or subtle actions to manage their weight .Other researchers report that a womans body image may be a more vital factor in developing an eating disorder than her actual weight. Objectified body consciousness is the extent to which a woman focuses more on her appearance rather than her internal characteristics. This type of consciousness has three different categories: body surveillance, internalization of cultural body standards, and beliefs about appearance control. Body surveillance, which involves the idea that a womans body is to be desired by men, is the main factor inobjectified body consciousness. Therefore, women will constantly survey their bodies to confirm their adherence to cultural norms. Women begin to see their bodies as outside onlookers . Surveying ones body constantly can lead to a lowered body image and possibly to beco ming vulnerable enough to develop an eating disorder. Internalization of cultural standards occurs when the social standards seem to be coming from within rather than as external pressures. The standards have been integrated and now are part of their lives. This makes one extremely vulnerable and more willing to abide by them. As previously addressed women are experiencing societal pressures constantly. This can lead to the experiencing of multiple negative emotions. Finally, responsibility for appearance is the belief that women are responsible for how their bodies look. They have the power to make their bodies beautiful or unattractive. This leads to the constant judgment of their bodies. Judging ones body also can lead to a lowering of body image and becoming at risk for developing an eating disorder. One study found that the more negative a womans objectified body consciousness is, the higher the eating disorder symptoms (Tylka, 2004). The notion of ideal body image directly impacts a persons body image satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Body image satisfaction refers to ones personal body image being akin to ones concept of his/her ideal body image. Ones ideal body image represents the physical ideal that one seeks to copy, be that a high-fashion model, celebrity, movie star, fitness professional, or other such role model. Body image dissatisfaction refers to the level of ones personal body image differs from ones perceived ideal body image or ones individual feelings of dissatisfaction with ones physical look. Body dissatisfaction is a precursor for negative self-perception or self-worth and can lead to the increase of eating disorders. (Martin, 2010). Having a deformed body image among teenage girls has been related to the development of dysfunctional eating patterns and even disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder for girls brings with it characteristics often perceived as less worthy, as girls generally get rounder and have increased body fat. These changes can serve to extra enhance dissatisfaction among adolescence girls .During puberty, peers can affect body image as well as psychological health. Some girls can become very self-conscious about their weight, which reduces their self-esteem. During that time, girls are susceptible and sensitive (Huebscher, 2010). Having a distorted view of ones body has been linked to low self-esteem among girls, which in turn has been linked to the development of eating disordered behaviour. Research indicates that between 50-88% of adolescent girls feel pessimistically about their body shape or size, while 49% of teenage girls say they know someone with an eating disorder. Furthermore, only 33% of girls say they are the right weight for their bodies, while 58% want to lose weight (Croll, 2005). In contrast to males, females are much more likely to think their current size is too large because they are exposed to thin models on TV, magazine and show lastly, it indicates that for girls, the way they look is the most important pointer of self-worth .During teenage years, some girls go through an awkward phase as their bodies begin to vary, and they become self-conscious. In another survey by the American association of university women (1994), only 29% of the adolescent girls surveyed expressed self-satisfaction, while more than half of the boys felt good about themselves. (Huebscher, 2010) It has been said that more than half of adolescent girls are or think they should be on diets, especially when they go through puberty. This makes sense, because many young females experience weight gain as puberty start. This leads many young women to desire to lose the heaviness in a try to conform to societal expectations (Huebscher, 2010) Body dissatisfaction, the individual assessment of ones figure or body part, has been conceptualized to be a vital part of body image disturbance  .In three large community-based studies, the proportion of adolescent girls reporting body dissatisfaction varied between 24 % and 46 %, where the respective proportions of boys ranged from 12 % to 26 %. Body dissatisfaction appears to either remain stable or increase during adolescence among girls. Among boys, body dissatisfaction has been reported to either decrease or remain stable as they move towards maturity. However, boys are nowadays known to be under increasing pressure to meet their unlikely lean and muscular body ideal. (Makinen ,2012) Body mass is the most reliable biological factor correlated with body dissatisfaction, although the relation seems to differ between genders. Boys have been reported to feel dissatisfied with their bodies when either below or above normal weight, and to be most satisfied when they are of regular weight. In contrast, girls showed a positive linear relationship, such that their body dissatisfaction increased as a function of body weight. Dissatisfaction with ones body tends to manifest in attempts at weight loss in girls, whereas dissatisfaction in boys can either appear as weight gain or weight loss. (Makinen, 2012). According to Davidson McCabe (2006), a poor body image may hamper adolescents development of interpersonal skills and positive relations with other boys and girls.For instance, physical attractiveness has been found to impact on peer relationships all the way back from elementary school, with attractive girls engaging in more positive social interactions than less-attractive girls.There is a relationship between body image and psychological functioning during adolescence.Lastly, they found a strong association between body image concerns and low self-esteem among adolescent girls, which has lead to constructions of body image as an impoltant aspect of female self-esteem . The family plays an important role in the influence of eating behaviors of adolescents, especially girls.Children learn their morals and values from their parent or guardian, and many times model their behavior based on their parents In regard to healthy eating, each family constructs what they feel is necessary and correct in terms of nutrition .Parents or guardians have an important role in a childs life in regards to how to eat, what to eat, and the portion size, which has the potential to influence a persons life-long eating habit and nutritional understanding. Family environment also could influence an adolescent girls self-esteem due to weight or shape-related criticism by family members or others.The research indicates that family members who criticize their adolescent daughter contribute significantly to body dissatisfaction .As adolescent girls go through the changes that puberty brings, family members sometimes say negative things that can contribute to their adolescent daughter feeling sad, depressed or convinced they must lose weight to make their family love them. 19 percent of high school girls replied receiving direct encouragement from parents to diet . Research indicates if a member of a family stresses an individual within the family to conduct a diet, he or she may develop low self-esteem or body image. Within the family realm, children may feel the direct pressure to meet the demanding standards in their education, sports, and peer relationships, which may result in poor body image and selfesteem (Green Pritchard, 2003). Parents who give parental feedback in terms of dieting, may have a tremendous impact on their adolescent daughters overall development of body satisfaction (Green Pritchard, 2003). Therefore, if an adolescent girl has a mother who is very critical about weight control, and stresses that looking thin is the only way of looking good, it is known that the adolescent will model her weight control behaviors in order to lose weight. The adolescent girl may stm1 to think the same way as her mother and likewise believe the only way a person is attractive is if they are thin. Because of the beliefs adolescent girls learn from their mothers, it has been said that girls whose mothers diet and are concerned with their weight and shape are more likely than their peers to develop unhealthy weight control and practices (Field et al., 2001). The amount of media exposure an adolescent girl receives also can affect the way she perceives her body and can lead her to become dissatisfied and believe she needs to diet. The media portrays an image that if you fit the thin ideal, then you are more outgoing, successful, popular and satisfied, which are not attainable for those who do not fulfill the ideal of being thin .The media also does not show that airbrushing is almost always used to modify appearances .So when adolescent girls look at these distorted images, they do not realize that a computer has helped create the thin, beautiful model who does not look that way in reality . (Green Pritchard, 2003). The thin ideal is communicated through societys stereotype of obesity, meaning that being fat is bad and thin is good . Dealing more with magazines and seeing frail thin air-brushed models can make an adolescent girl want to look like that. Magazines targeted at female adolescents are full of images of young, slim, attractive, blemish-free females with small waists, large chests, and only ever-so-slightly-rounded hips.Disproportionate dolls also give off a negative body image for young teens. If Barbie were real, her neck would be too long and thin to support the weight of her head, and her upper body propOliions would make it difficult for her to walk upright (Croll, 2005). RATIONALE Many college students especially female suffer from disturbed eating behaviours such as dieting and striving for slimness. Body shape is one of the most important concerns among females .the rationale for choosing this topic was to aware the society, parents and peers not to criticize others body shape and eating behaviour. Parents and society criticize adolescents specially girls due to overweight or too slim. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between body shape and eating behaviours among college students. In Pakistani society the ratio of disturbances in eating habits is increasing day by day it is now one of the most prevalent mental health issues resulting from psycho-social conditions. With day to day development and progress in field of health a countless number of patients suffering from severe mental disorders visit hospitals and clinics for the treatment. Unfortunately there is no concrete information available regarding the prevalence of disordered eating behaviours so far in Pakistan. So far no efforts have been made to overcome the maladjusted eating behaviours in society. In this modernized culture of 21st century, females having zero size physiology are considered to be ideal. We might even say that it is the culture that idolizes role models who represent anorexia. Our children, teens and young adults are influenced by these role models by seeing them in glamorous situations on television, in magazines, on the Internet, in large display-ads at the mall, on billboards and in other public advertising venues. Engrossed in a world filled with the ultra-thin role model, it has become too difficult for regularly-sized girls to feel good about their appearance. This is particularly to be disappointed that our clothing manufacturers design the majority of best fashion out fits for small-sized bodies. Earlier researches has shown that exposure to ultra-thin models in fashion magazines leads to excessive dieting and body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls. Only those girls who already had body-image problems were at risk for negative effects. With emerging trends and concepts regarding body image/body dissatisfaction and the presence of eating disorder in Pakistan. Unfortunately, very few cases have been reported to doctors and mental health professionals due to stigmatization in our society people are very reluctant to admit eating a problem. During the last decade some awareness and knowledge about eating disorder has grown considerably but the concept of disordered eating is still neglected and unresolved in Pakistan. Pakistani media and Barbie doll images plays a crucial role in prevalence of symptoms of disturbed eating behaviour in females. People in Pakistan avoid consulting mental health professionals for their problem, due to stigmatization. Therefore in such a situation current study is an effort to find out the existence of disturbed eating habits and satisfaction level towards individuals body image which can help in future remedies to overcome the health risks especially in youngsters. OBJECTIVES Find out the relationship between body image and eating attitudes among girls and boys Compare the concern for body shape among boys and girls To investigate gender differences in eating attitudes and behaviors HYPOTHESIS H1: There is significant relationship between body shape and eating behaviour among girls and boys H2: Girls are more concerned with body shape than boys H3: There will be significant difference between the eating attitudes of both genders. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A study was conducted to examine how body image, Body Mass Index (BMI), and eating attitudes were related among students of age 18 to 26 years old. The samples were made up of 356 students, where 165 were male while 191 were female. Body image was assessed using the Figure Rating Scale. BMI was calculated based on measures of height and weight, and eating behaviour was assessed using Eating Behaviour Patterns Questionnaire. This study found the relationship between eating behaviour and BMI status, only snacking and convenience as well as emotional eating is associated with BMI status. While for relationship between eating behaviour and body image, only body image perception was found to be associated with emotional eating. For relationship between body image and BMI status, body image perception was found to be associated with BMI status. Male adolescents were more prone to be affected by snacking and convenience as well as cultural and lifestyle. Male adolescents were prone to be af fected by body image. Gender did not have an effect on BMI status. This study underlines the importance of being aware of the relationships between body image, BMI, and eating behaviour.(Zofiran et al. 2011) Makinen et al. (2012) conducted a study to examine body dissatisfaction and its relationship with body mass, as well as self-esteem and eating habits, in girls and boys. Body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem and abnormal eating habits. Many researches investigating body dissatisfaction and its associations were conducted on females but few suggest that males also suffer from these problems. Participants were 695 girls and 711 boys with age of 17 to 21. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory were used as self-appraisal scales. Eating data was also self-reported. Results show that girls were less satisfied with their bodies than boys. Boys expressed greater satisfaction when they were underweight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys reported higher levels of self-esteem than did the girls whereas girls expressed most satisfaction with their bodies when they were underweight, more dissatisfaction when they were of normal weight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. Their self-reporting abnormal eating habits were less satisfied with their bodies than those normal eating habits. A study was conducted on 235 students who were given the questionnaires of eating attitudes, self-esteem, reasons for exercise, and their ideal versus current body size and shape. Prediction was that boys want to be heavier whereas girls had no such desire to be heavier. Only girls were associated with body dissatisfaction with the concept of self esteem. Specific reasons for exercise were found to correlate with low self-esteem and disordered eating, regardless of sex. The differences were not extremely significant (p Tylka (2004) states that body dissatisfaction is so prevalent among women in our society that it isnt very useful in identifying women who may have eating disorders, women are more likely to have eating disorders when their body dissatisfaction is accompanied by other issues most importantly, a tendency to obsessively examine their bodies and think about how they appear to others. From her study she concluded that about 3 to 8 percent of women have some type of eating disorder, but many women maybe most women are dissatisfied with their bodies. It shows that there are factors such as constant body monitoring that strengthen the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders and may help identify women at risk. The detailed findings of this research were published in a recent issue of the Journal of Counselling Psychology. In two related studies, Tyke tried to identify factors that strengthen the link between body dissatisfaction a womans unhappiness about her overal l body shape or about specific body parts such as stomach or thighs and eating disorders. One study involved 304 college women and the other 373 women aged 17 to 58. The results showed body surveillance was the strongest factor that predicted which women with body dissatisfaction were likely to report symptoms of eating disorders. Body surveillance involves actions like continually looking at yourself in the mirror to see how you look, Tylka said. Women who do this tend to ignore their internal feelings and emotions and concentrate on their outward appearance. They think of their bodies as objects.For example, some women may ignore their feelings of hunger because they are more concerned with how eating may affect how they appear to others. Tylka discovered that another factor that strengthened the link between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders is neuroticism a personality trait in which people tend to be anxious, nervous, worrying, and insecure. The third related factor wa s having a family member or friend who has an eating disorder. Women who have any of these three factors coupled with body dissatisfaction are the ones who may be most at risk for disordered eating. According to Davis (1999), girls often engage in fat talk, in which they complain and find fault with their bodies. When a girls friends constantly talk about how fat and ugly they are, she may begin to feel the same. This can lead to an unhealthy and difficult cycle to break. Further, friends may encourage each other to engage in unhealthy behaviours such as dieting and eating disorders and even compete to be the thinnest or smallest. Unfortunately, this pressure to conform is perpetuated by media and culture. According to Health Canada (1997), In the western culture, slim is promoted not only as beautiful, healthy and sexy but self-disciplined and good. Attractive people are perceived to be kind, interesting, outgoing, and to have a variety of socially desirable character traits (p.28). Therefore, a cultural value system becomes equated with thinness, and in turn attractiveness, so that anyone who deviates from this ideal may view oneself as incompetent, bad, and ugly. Approximately two-thirds of adolescent girls at any age are dissatisfied with their weight, the proportion increasing with actual weight. Slightly more than half of all girls are dissatisfied with the shape of their bodies, an attitude which also is positively correlated with body weight. Girls are most likely to be distressed about excess size of their thighs, hips, waist and buttocks, and inadequate size of their breasts. Those who are dissatisfied with their bodies are more likely to engage in potentially harmful weight control behaviours, such as dieting, fasting, self-induced vomiting, diuretic use, laxative use and diet pill use. Those who diet are more likely to begin in early adolescence, to be white than black, to be of higher socioeconomic status, to engage in other eating-related practices and to have a poor body image and self esteem. Boys who are underweight are most likely to be dissatisfied with their weight and many with normal weight wish to weigh more. Approximately one-third of boys are dissatisfied with their body shape, desiring larger upper arms, chest and shoulders. Dieting and purging are less likely than exercise to be chosen by boys as methods of weight control. Dieting among boys is more likely to be associated with increased body weight and some sports, such as wrestling. Body consciousness and altered body image are widespread among adolescents, and may be associated with potentially harmful eating practices in both sexes, but more so in girls. (Moore, 1993). This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and body image disturbance in a group of adolescent females. Two groups were included in this study. One of them was the inpatients diagnosed with mood disorder and other were community group taken from colleges. The study measured attitude toward eating and body image using the EAT-26 and the BSQ-34. There was no difference in the risk of developing an eating disorder between the psychiatric group and the community group (p > .05). ). A significant difference was observed in age (p Johnson, Powers and Dick(1999) found in their studies that 9% of the female college athletes were diagnosed for an eating disorder where as 58% was found at high risk for development of disordered eating behaviour. The same study reflects 1% of male diagnosed as eating disorder and 38% were at risk for developing disordered eating behaviours. Eating disorders have become very prevalent in todays society, especially among college Females. Multiple factors are involved in the development of an eating disorder. This experiment tested the primary research hypothesis that college females are more susceptible to develop an eating disorder after being exposed to pictures of womens bodies. As a result of new research, the testing of males and more minorities was also included in this study. A pilot study involved college females (n=18) viewing a PowerPoint presentation (independent variable) and completing a survey. Pilot data showed no statistically significant effect of the independent variable. The present study found strong correlations relating both genders and their susceptibility to develop an eating disorder: females with a low self-esteem and negative body image, who feel pressure from the media, along with males with high muscle dissatisfaction are more likely to develop an eating disorder. (Hill, 1999) Mousa et al. (2009) The study indicated that young females often experience eating disturbances associated with weight concerns, particularly in Western and developed countries. The ob

Anxiety disorders :: essays research papers

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychological disorders in the United States. There are four different types of anxiety disorders: phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. Phobias are irrational fears of an object or a situation that is not likely to be dangerous. Phobias cause disruption in one’s ability to carry out day-to-day functions. Most people have suffer from phobias are afraid of certain things. Agoraphobia is the fear being away from a safe place, mostly home. Specific phobia is the most common; this is a fear of a certain thing. Social phobias are less common, they deal with other people. People suffering from social phobias are extremely shy. Panic disorder is characterized by sudden attacks of severe anxiety that can incapacitate a person for about ten minutes. Symptoms are sweating, heart palpitations, insomnia and shortness of breath People who have panic disorders feel that they are always in bad health and go to the doctor often. 20% of people suffering from panic disorders have attempted suicide. Generalized anxiety disorder is a continuous anxiety lasting a month or more. People with this disorder feel anxious, worried and are preoccupied with feelings of doom. A person suffering from generalized anxiety disorder tends to worry about everything. They have a great deal of stress and have a difficult time relaxing. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder is persistent, unwanted thoughts, which lead to repetitive actions. A good example of this would be someone who has a certain routine every time they leave the house. This could be checking to see if the ovens are off a certain number of times or continuously washing their hands.

Friedman’s Discussion of Globalization and Flattening Essay

Globalization is regarded by its critics as a force which is extending the gap between the world’s rich and poor. In some ways, this has been true, especially throughout the first decade of the post-Cold War Era. The opening of gateways to the East created a relationship between the corporate partners throughout the globe that concentrated the spoils of free-trade into the hands of the wealthy. But in Thomas Friedman’s 2005 meditation on the topic, The World is Flat, there is evidence that in fact, the intended products of globalization such as a greater distribution of knowledge resources and a leveling of the technological playing field are beginning to surface. This latter product of free trade, the ‘leveling’ effect is that which informs Friedman’s title theme. The world has become flat by its increasing smallness. The economic, political, cultural and tele-communicative interconnectivity of nations is gradually eroding many of the geographic obstacles to popular progress. The strands of globalization, the New York Times journalist observes, have contributed to a broadening of access to independent entrepreneurialship and opportunity. Though many of the subjects of the author’s analysis are large American multi-national corporations, there is an evident transition in which knowledge-based internet startup enterprises from across the globe are undermining the more monopolistic proclivities of the American market. In nations such as India and China, American exploitation of lower operational, environmental and labor-oriented costs in the technological sector has caused a proliferation of such resources to the general public. This, in turn, is becoming a hotbed of alternative market action which will ultimately dismantle the superiority of the American economy. According to Friedman’s analysis, a core detriment to the U. S. economy, but a boon to independent operations overseas, has been a disregard for American private conceptions of property rights. From counterfeiting of American name brand consumer goods to pirate telecommunication infrastructural apparatuses, the bureaucratic vulnerabilities to effective globalization are numerous. Both partners in a free-trade circumstance stand to lose economic opportunity in the presence of such market subversions. Thomas Friedman’s text is eye-opening insofar as so many of the matters which he discusses may be directly implicated in the experiences of our everyday lives. In fact, this is the ‘flattening’ principle of which the author speaks, dictating that the public experience rather than simply large institutional abstractions are shaping the context in which we live our lives. Such is to suggest that the technological, educational, informational and recreational freedoms which have traditionally be reserved for those on the upper echelon of both their domestic setting and international geography are increasingly becoming democratic. However, in contrast to Friedman’s general tenor of optimism, his sarcasm only hints at the current consequences of globalization for so many individuals. This discussion is a reflection on Friedman’s text as informed by my own conception of globalization which brings future opportunity at the expense of current human dignity, personal satisfaction and even American prosperity. Therefore, the discussion will be oriented toward elucidating globalization’s internally contradictory nature. Just as it enriches one demographic in a developing nation, it facilitates the targeted abuse of another. Just as it endows us with a heretofore unseen capacity for self-sufficiency, it likewise robs us of the capacity to control the level of satisfaction which we achieve when relating to the commercial world. In the flattening of the global horizon that Friedman lauds as the eventual path to a shared standard of living and prosperity, there is the need for a greater analytical emphasis on the negative forces that are driving individuals to increasingly attempt to find their own pathways to social and commercial interaction. Friedman’s discussion, as we will see, is focused on demonstrating the permeation of benefits to the collective world community in free trade. This is quite supportable from a macrolevel standpoint. Indeed, nations engaged in free trade would do well to support one another in a mutuality of benefit. Certainly, as was illustrated by the economic phenomena of the 1990s’, the expansion of a single large market through a boom of technological progress will have the effect of disseminating to the rest of the free world. This was certainly proved to be true by the dynamic of that decade, when â€Å"there was a massive investment in technology, especially in the bubble era, when hundreds of millions of dollars were invested in putting broadband connectivity around the world. † (Friedman, 6) The result is what is seen as surfacing today. More than the United States, it is the world community which is producing the knowledge workforce of the future. And though Friedman is forthcoming in making that foreboding case, it is important that we expound upon this subject further in this discussion by acknowledging that globalization and the ‘flattening’ effect are not of a uniform pattern. Even as the proliferation which the author discusses is taking place, it has done so with a multitude of consequences that can neither said to have been desire nor can be said to have stimulated greater equality. Friedman, whom by his text we may suggest is a supporter of the ultimate purpose of globalization, makes the technological attribution that â€Å"it was actually the coincidence of the dot-com boom and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 that launched the fiber-optic bubble. † (67) Friedman observes that the collective telecom industry invested roughly 1 trillion dollars in half a decade on ‘wiring the world. ’ (67) The deregulation in the 1996 American domestic legislation, which allowed so many larger companies to enforce hostile consolidation measures in a vast array of theretofore legally unapproachable markets, would coincide with the unfettered capital investment in global internet penetration that has ultimately elevated private sector rights over public rights while simultaneously helping to bring other nations to an eventually greater infrastructural promotion of internet access than would be found in the United States. In some manner, this is borne out by a pattern with incredibly broad-based implications for American consumer and job markets. Today, we have seen and experienced the wholesale transfer of our Customer Service industry to fledgling globalizing economies such as that in India. Here, major computer retailers, cable company operators, wireless communication device providers, bank/credit cards merchants and virtually every other monopolistic corporate industry in America is forced to maintain its competitive advantages by commissioning outsourced Customer Service agents located in India. It is their charge to replicate the experience of an American calling a support technician with an intimate relationship with the product in question. This is accomplished with, as Friedman reveals, intensive training in the adoption of linguistic, dialectic and etiquette-related behaviors designed to facilitate comfort for the American caller. â€Å"The Indian call center operators adopt Western names of their own choosing. The idea, of course, is to make their American or European customers feel more comfortable. † (22) Amongst the many indicators that cultural flattening would play a part in this transition of labor, the concept of taking on an Americanized name in the interests of facilitating the core consumer target is not only remarkable but intensely objectionable from the outside perspective, particularly when this outside perspective is informed by the sense of autonomy and individuality typically affiliated with western philosophy. However, for the subjects described in Friedman’s book, an aspect of the western philosophy perhaps more indicative of its cultural interest is the economic opportunity afforded to the hundreds of thousands of young Indian post-graduates competing for the chance to answer phone calls from Americans concerned with all manner of technical support or target marketing. This relatively low-level and typically micro-managed field in America has become amongst the most competitive entry-level positions in India. And in one sense that Friedman captures in the theoretical framing of his text, this is an opportunity for personal economic mobility which for the young student in India might have been seen as extraordinary and rarified just a decade ago. This may hardly be said to be true today, where â€Å"245,000 Indians are answering phones† 24 hours a day and charged with responsibility of representing themselves as being located somewhere in the United States. (24) From a personal perspective, this has produced an incredible dearth of quality service in the United States, where the usability of our products has become increasingly distant from the quality of the Customer Support which we have received. One of the qualities of our technology which Friedman believes has helped to diminish the relevance of geographical distance to serviceability has been the institution of automated Customer Service. For those of us who have been transferred and given insufficient options for contending with specific categories of problem, this has hardly been an added convenience. And the infallibly polite computerized operator is equally as unflappable or emotionally unresponsive as is the outsourced Customer Service representative. In a particularly telling passage where Friedman observes a woman in an Indian call center as caller after caller hangs up the phone in rage, we can see that there is something about this experience that can be excruciating and even unfair. It may be noted that Friedman does a very effective job at distinguishing between the economic, the sociological and the technological factors which have rendered our current level of global flatness. He acknowledges that there were world events which would make the type of collaboration now essential between the United States and India a natural matter of happenstance. Friedman describes the so-called Y2K crisis in which it was feared that a lack of programming foresight would result in the incorrect resetting of the world’s computer-based internal clocking mechanisms, creating the likelihood of widespread technical failure throughout the world. Thus, â€Å"with Y2K bearing down on us, America and India started dating, and that relationship became a huge flattener, because it demonstrated to so many different businesses that the combination of the PC, the Internet, and fiber-optic cables had created the possibility of a whole new for of collaboration horizontal value creation: outsourcing. † (108) So we must yield to the fact that, truly, globalization can hardly be avoided. The scope of consumer need does truly require a greater scope of consumer service, and the Indian economy does have the correct workforce makeup to address this need. But when combined with the expansion of private rights, courtesy of such legislation as the 1996 Act, this has created a frustrating sense for the consumer that ‘flattening’ requires a considerable decline from the experiences to which Americans have grown accustomed. Perhaps the overarching presence in Friedman’s text is the intimation that these factors which are impacting our lives and the affecting the shift of world order are of an inevitable nature. The ten factors which are identified as the flattening mechanisms of the changing globe are largely technological and economic forces with broad social and cultural implications. However, these latter qualities are merely the secondary consequence of a circumstance committed to by former. Such is to say that the proliferation of western culture, though certainly not accidental, is merely incidental. Referring once again to the problematic case of outsourcing Customer Support services, we can see that the imposition of American culture is only due to the need to cater to the American consumer. In reality, though Indian culture is threatened by subversion, it is American culture which is being co-opted for reasons having little to do with cultural expression. As a result, the American identity has been trivialized and largely represented as being tantamount to the conveyance of commercial interest. One of the core revelations offered by this text, at least when placed in the context of the general American’s everyday experience, is that the flattening which has occurred must necessarily come at the expense of the American’s staunch sense of individuality and belief in personal entitlement. Works Cited: Friedman, T. (2005). The World is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st Century. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

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Choose any of the activities on the website. What did you learn by completing the activity? Based on the information provided, why do we still live in a largely segregated country? What do you think about the state of race relations in our country today? I learned that appearance doesn't always tell you about someone's ancestry or self- Identity. Most people base a person's race off of the way they look and In most cases they are wrong because they don't know exactly what race they are by Just looking at them.In the human diversity quiz I was shocked to find out that fruit flies have the most genetic variation. In the split Identity part they mentioned that black women have the highest chance of being strip-searched out of all US citizens. That amazed me because I would think black women would get treated the same as a white women while getting searched In public. I feel Like people still live In a largely segregated country because people allow It to soul be segregated. Most people still group others by race, class, and choices they make in life.I don't think it's segregated cause it's supposed to be its just that way because people make it that way by following one another and doing as others do by separating others from themselves based on characteristics. I hate when I fill out applications for certain things and seeing the check box for race. I think that things should be based off a persons as a whole not the color or race that they are. I think that right there leads people to think that others still need to be segregated and put into groups based on color and race. People at the end of the day are Just people and that's how it should be looked at.